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Hydrodinamics of Pumps.pdf

October 22, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Abstract: The subject of this monograph is the fluid dynamics of liquid turbomachines, particularly pumps. Rather than attempt a general treatise on turbomachines, we shall focus attention on those special problems and design issues associated with the flow of liquid through a rotating machine. There are two characteristics of a liquid that lead to these special problems, and cause a significantly different set of concerns than would occur in, say, a gas turbine. These are the potential for cavitation and the high density of liquids that enhances the possibility of damaging unsteady flows and forces.

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Best Practices for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries.pdf

September 1, 2009 · Filed Under Civil & Architectural Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Introduction: Micro hydro, defined as a plant between 10 kW and 200 kW, is perhaps the most mature of the modern small-scale decentralised energy supply technologies used in developing countries. There are thought to be tens of thousands of plants in the ‘micro’ range operating successfully in China 2, and significant numbers are operated in wide ranging countries such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Vietnam and Peru. This experience shows that in certain circumstances micro hydro can be profitable in financial terms, while at others, unprofitable plants can exhibit such strong positive impacts on the lives of poor people and the environment that they may well justify subsidies.

The evidence from this extensive experience shows such wide variation in terms of cost, profitability and impact, that it has often been difficult for investors and rural people to determine whether, and under what circumstances, this technology is viable and best meets their needs.

Whilst supplying improved energy services to people for the first time is difficult, supplying such services profitably to very poor people who live far away from roads and the electricity grid poses a particularly difficult challenge. This report shows that micro hydro compares well with other energy supply technologies in these difficult markets. Despite this micro hydro appears to have been relatively neglected by donors, the private sector and governments in the allocation of resources and attention. In the past, rural electrification by means of grid extension was the option favoured by donors. More recently the fashion has switched towards photovoltaics, probably because of its higher foreign content, and the higher added value returned to the metropolitan countries.

The relative neglect of micro hydro has also been in part due to the fact that the circumstances under which it is financially profitable have not been systematically established, at least not in ways that investors find credible. In addition, while it is known that the growth and sustainability of the micro hydro sub-sector depends on certain types of infrastructure and institutional investments, it was often not clear which elements ofthis ‘enabling environment’ were essential, nor how they were best financed.

LAYMAN’s Guidebook on how Develop a Small Hydro Site.pdf

August 29, 2009 · Filed Under Civil & Architectural Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Definition of small hydropower: There is no consensus in EU member states on the definition of small hydropower: Some countries like Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and now, Greece and Belgium, accept 10 MW as the upper limit for installed capacity. In Italy the limit is fixed at 3 MW (plants with larger installed power should sell their electricity at lower prices); in France the limit was established at 8 MW and UK favour 5 MW. Hereunder will be considered as small any scheme with an installed capacity of 10 MW or less. This figure is adopted by five member states, ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity).

Hydraulic Design Manual.pdf

August 19, 2009 · Filed Under Civil & Architectural Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , ,

Taken from introduction: The hydraulic design or analysis of highway drainage facilities usually involves a general procedure that is essentially the same for each case. Some of the basic components inherent in the design or analysis of any highway drainage facility include data, surveys of existing characteristics, estimates of future characteristics, engineering design criteria, discharge estimates, structure requirements and constraints, and receiving facilities.
Time, expense, focus, and completeness of the design or analysis process should all be commensurate with the relative importance of the facility, that is, its cost, level of use, public safety, and similar factors. These aspects of the design process are often subjective. The funding or time constraints associated with any engineered project often are determining factors in the designer’s involvement.

Mechanical and Electrical Design of Pumping Station - Engineer’s Manual.pdf

January 28, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · 4 Comments  · Tags: , , , ,

The purpose of this engineer manual is to provide information and criteria pertinent to the design and selection of mechanical and electrical systems for flood-control pumping stations. Elements discussed include equipment requirements, design memorandum, Operation and Maintenance manuals, pumping equipment and conditions, discharge system, engines and gears, pump drive selection, pump and station hydraulic tests, earthquake considerations, power supply, motors, power distribution equipment, control equipment, station wiring, station and equipment grounding, surge protection, electrical equipment, environmental protection, station service electrical system, and station service diesel generator.

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