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Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs.pdf

November 9, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , ,

Taken from PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS’s Introduction: Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.
PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer: Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.
Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.

s p o n s o r e d   l i n k s


Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering.pdf

November 6, 2009 · Filed Under Environmental Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , ,

Taken from Preface: Analysis and abatement of air pollution involve a variety of technical disciplines. Formation of the most prevalent pollutants occurs during the combustion process, a tightly coupled system involving fluid flow, mass and energy transport, and chemical kinetics. Its complexity is exemplified by the fact that, in many respects, the simplest hydrocarbon combustion, the methane-oxygen flame, has been quantitatively modeled only within the last several years. Nonetheless, the development of combustion modifications aimed at minimizing the formation of the unwanted by-products of burning fuels requires an understanding of the combustion process. Fuel may be available in solid, liquid, or gaseous form; it may be mixed with the air ahead of time or only within the combustion chamber; the chamber itself may vary from the piston and cylinder arrangement in an automobile engine to a lO-story-high boiler in the largest power plant; the unwanted byproducts may remain as gases, or they may, upon cooling, form small particles.

Hydrodinamics of Pumps.pdf

October 22, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Abstract: The subject of this monograph is the fluid dynamics of liquid turbomachines, particularly pumps. Rather than attempt a general treatise on turbomachines, we shall focus attention on those special problems and design issues associated with the flow of liquid through a rotating machine. There are two characteristics of a liquid that lead to these special problems, and cause a significantly different set of concerns than would occur in, say, a gas turbine. These are the potential for cavitation and the high density of liquids that enhances the possibility of damaging unsteady flows and forces.

Introduction to Geology.pdf

October 21, 2009 · Filed Under Engineering Geology · Comment  · Tags: , , ,

This pdf materials presents basic studi in geology. Table of contents:
* Overview.pdf
* History of science.pdf
* Time, temperature, and composition ranges.pdf
* Non-silicate minerals.pdf
* Silicate minerals.pdf
* Igneous rocks.pdf
* Sedimentary rocks.pdf
* Metamorphic rocks.pdf
* Relative and absolute ages.pdf
* Early life.pdf
* Rock deformation.pdf
* Field techniques.pdf
* Planetary formation.pdf
* Plate tectonics.pdf
* Earthquakes.pdf
* Volcanoes.pdf
* Formation of continents.pdf
* Weathering and rivers.pdf
* Glaciers.pdf
* Deserts.pdf
* Coastlines and oceans.pdf
* Comparative planetology.pdf

LAYMAN’s Guidebook on how Develop a Small Hydro Site.pdf

August 29, 2009 · Filed Under Civil & Architectural Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Definition of small hydropower: There is no consensus in EU member states on the definition of small hydropower: Some countries like Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and now, Greece and Belgium, accept 10 MW as the upper limit for installed capacity. In Italy the limit is fixed at 3 MW (plants with larger installed power should sell their electricity at lower prices); in France the limit was established at 8 MW and UK favour 5 MW. Hereunder will be considered as small any scheme with an installed capacity of 10 MW or less. This figure is adopted by five member states, ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity).




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