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Basics of Fluid Mechanics.pdf

November 16, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: ,

Taken from: What is Fluid Mechanics?: The fluid mechanics study involve many fields that have no clear boundary between them. Researchers distinguish between orderly flow and chaotic flow as the laminar flow and the turbulent flow. The fluid mechanics can also be distinguish between a single phase flow and multiphase flow (flow made more than one phase or single distinguishable material). The last boundary (as all the boundaries in fluid mechanics) isn’t sharp because fluid can go through a phase change (condensation or evaporation) in the middle or during the flow and switch from a single phase flow to a multi phase flow. Moreover, flow with two phases (or materials) can be treated as a single phase (for example, air with dust particle).

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Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs.pdf

November 9, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , ,

Taken from PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS’s Introduction: Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.
PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer: Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.
Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.

Hydrodinamics of Pumps.pdf

October 22, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Abstract: The subject of this monograph is the fluid dynamics of liquid turbomachines, particularly pumps. Rather than attempt a general treatise on turbomachines, we shall focus attention on those special problems and design issues associated with the flow of liquid through a rotating machine. There are two characteristics of a liquid that lead to these special problems, and cause a significantly different set of concerns than would occur in, say, a gas turbine. These are the potential for cavitation and the high density of liquids that enhances the possibility of damaging unsteady flows and forces.

Miller - Plasma Cutting Guide.pdf

September 4, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering · Comment  · Tags: ,

Taken from Plasma Advantages: Plasma provides numerous advantages over other cutting processes. While there are many common methods of cutting metal, the plasma process offers the following advantages:
Cuts any type of electrically conductive metals including aluminum, copper, brass and stainless steel
Cuts faster — up to 130 in. per minute on 1/4 in. steel
Does not require a pre-heat cycle which saves time and is more convenient
Produces a small and more precise kerf (width of the cut)—great when precision matters
Has a smaller heat affected zone which prevents the area around the cut from warping and minimizes paint damage
Provides gouging and piercing capabilities
Sawing or chopping can take a long time and will typically leave a rough edge — plasma cutting is fast, clean, and leaves a nice straight edge. It is also a less expensive and more convenient method for cutting than many other processes because compressed air is typically available in most applications via shop or portable compressors.

LAYMAN’s Guidebook on how Develop a Small Hydro Site.pdf

August 29, 2009 · Filed Under Civil & Architectural Engineering · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Taken from Definition of small hydropower: There is no consensus in EU member states on the definition of small hydropower: Some countries like Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and now, Greece and Belgium, accept 10 MW as the upper limit for installed capacity. In Italy the limit is fixed at 3 MW (plants with larger installed power should sell their electricity at lower prices); in France the limit was established at 8 MW and UK favour 5 MW. Hereunder will be considered as small any scheme with an installed capacity of 10 MW or less. This figure is adopted by five member states, ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity).




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