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economie site ebooks

Discovering Artificial Economics - How Agents Learn and Economies Evolve.pdf

November 10, 2009 · Filed Under Finance · Comment  · Tags: ,

Taken from Preface: We live in an astonishingly complex world. Yet what we do in our everyday lives seems simple enough. Most of us conform to society’s rules, pursue familiar strategies, and achieve reasonably predictable outcomes. In our role as economic agents, we simply peddle our wares and earn our daily bread as best we can.
So where on earth does this astonishing complexity come from? Much of it is ubiquitous in nature, to be sure, but part of it lies within and between us. Part of it Comes from those games of interaction that humans play-games against nature, games against each other, games of competition, games of cooperation. In bygone eras, people simply hunted and gathered to come up with dimer.
Today you can find theoretical economists scratching mysterious equations on whiteboards (not even blackboards) and getting paid to do this. In the modern economy, most of us make our living in a niche created for us by what others do. Because we’ve become more dependent on each other, our economy as a whole has become more strongly interactive.
A strongly interactive economy can behave in weird and wonderful ways, even when we think we understand all its individual parts. The resulting path of economic development is packed with unexpected twists and turns, reflecting the diversity of decisions taken by different economic agents. But an understanding of economic outcomes requires an understanding of each agent’s beliefs and expectations and the precise way in which the agents interact.
In a strongly interactive economy, the cumulative pattern of interactions can produce unexpected phenomena, emergent behavior that can be lawful in its own right. Yet this is far from obvious if we study economics.

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Principles of Microeconomics.pdf

October 21, 2009 · Filed Under Social Economic · Comment  · Tags: , , , , ,

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold.

A Guide to the ATM and Debit Card Industry.pdf

September 2, 2009 · Filed Under Finance · Comment  · Tags: , , , ,

Taken from Abstract: The ATM and debit card industry is undergoing significant change. Some of the most dramatic changes include the sharp growth in point-of-sale debit card transactions, the intense competition between online and offline debit, the heavy consolidation of regional EFT networks and third-party service providers, the growing importance of nonbank ownership of networks, and new pricing structures and strategies. This paper provides a guide to the current structure of the ATM and debit card industry. It also highlights some key economic and public policy issues. Among the issues addressed are market concentration, vertical integration and economies of scope, pricing, access, and risk.