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Essentials of Echocardiography.pdf

September 9, 2009 · Filed Under Medical Textbook  · Tags: , , ,

Taken from Introduction: Echocardiography is a unique noninvasive method for imaging the living heart. It is based on detection of echoes produced by a beam of ultrasound (very high frequency sound) pulses transmitted into the heart.

From its introduction in 1954 to the mid 1970’s, most echocardiographic studies employed a technique called M-mode, in which the ultrasound beam is aimed manually at selected cardiac structures to give a graphic recording of their positions and movements. M-mode recordings permit measurement of cardiac dimensions and detailed analysis of complex motion patterns depending on transducer angulation. They also facilitate analysis of time relationships with other physiological variables such as ECG, heart sounds, and pulse tracings, which can be recorded simultaneously.
A more recent development uses electromechanical or electronic techniques to scan the ultrasound beam rapidly across the heart to produce two-dimensional tomographic images of selected cardiac sections. This gives more information than M-mode about the shape of the heart and also shows the spatial relationships of its structures during the cardiac cycle.

A comprehensive echocardiographic examination, utilizing both M-mode and two dimensional recordings, therefore provides a great deal of information about cardiac anatomy and physiology, the clinical value of which has established echocardiography as a major diagnostic tool.

This unit covers the principles of two-dimensional echocardiography in more detail; it explains the normal two-dimensional recordings in terms of the anatomy of the cardiac sections scanned by the ultrasound beam. Some supplementary M-mode recordings are included. Subsequent units will discuss applications of both M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in acquired and congenital disease.

Contents in random:

  • Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Normal Heart [ Two-Dimensional Scanning ~ Electronically Steered or Phased Array Sector Scanners ~ Quality of Two-Dimensional Images ~ Recording a Two-Dimensional Display ~ Access to the Heart for Echocardiography ~ Standard Planes for Two-Dimensional Echocardiography ~ Two-Dimensional Recording Technique ~ Transducer Manipulation ~ Parasternal Views ~ Mitral Valve Level ~ Papillary Muscle Level ~ Aortic Valve Level ~ Apical Four-chamber Plane ~ Subcostal Four-Chamber Plane ~ Additional Subcostal Views ]
  • Diseases of the Heart Valves [ The Atrioventricular Valves ~ Mitral Annulus Calcification ~ Atrial Tumors and Clots ~ Onlinefreeebooks.net ~ Tricuspid Stenosis ~ Mitral Regurgitation ~ Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation ~ Mitral Valve Prolapse ~ Bacterial Endocarditis ~ Ischemia and Rupture of the Valve Support Apparatus ~ Functional Mitral Regurgitation ~ The Semilunar Valves ~ Aortic Valve Stenosis ~ Aortic Regurgitation ~ Pulmonary Stenosis ~ Pulmonary Regurgitation ~ Pulmonary Hypertension ~ Prosthetic Valves ~ Septal Motion in Patients with Mitral Prostheses ]
  • Heart Muscle Disease [ Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ~ Dilated Cardiomyopathy ~ homy.asia ~ Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy ~ Cardiac Tumors ~ ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE ~ Complications Of Myocardial Infraction ~ Myocardial Rupture and Pseudoaneurysm ]
  • Congenital Heart Disease [ The Use of Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease ~ The Sequential Segmental Approach ~ Ventricular septal defects ~ Atrioventricular septal defects ~ When Obstruction Is Predominant ~ Anomalies of Valve Position ~ Ebstein’s anomaly ~ When Chambers and Valves are Not in Normal Sequence or Relationship ~ Anomalies of the Relationships Between the Ventricles and Great Vessels ~ Double-outlet ventricle ~ Ventriculo-great arterial discordance ]

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