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Evolution of Physical Oceanography.pdf

October 12, 2009 · Filed Under Oceanography  · Tags: ,

Evolution of Physical Oceanography was created to mark the career of Henry M. Stommel, the leading physical oceanographer of the 20th Century and a longtime MIT faculty member. The authors of the different chapters were asked to describe the evolution of their subject over the history of physical oceanography, and to provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of their subject as of 1980. Many of the chapters in this textbook are still up-to-date descriptions of active scientific fields, and all of them are important historical records. This textbook is made available courtesy of The MIT Press.

Taken from Introduction: Much of dynamical oceanography has focused on the Gulf Stream System, and this book is no exception.

The Atlantic is comparatively small, making this current accessible to European scientists from the earliest days, and the Gulf Stream immediately confronts oceanographers on the east coast of North America.

Thus the subject has periodically obsessed many of the leading oceanographers of the past 100 years. Much of the flowering of circulation modeling, which began in the late 1940s and remains one of the great accomplishments of modem geophysical fluid dynamics, was motivated toward understanding the Gulf Stream. The section concludes with a chapter on estuaries and shelf circulations. The latter in particular was an area of great interest around the turn of the century and has only comparatively recently reacquired the attention of oceanographers, who for many years tended to focus upon the open sea. The reader will find that many of the most important unresolved questions pertain to the interaction of the shelves with the deep-sea, large-scale circulation.

Contents:

  • Front-End Matter
    • Acknowledgements, Permissions, and Contributors
    • Information on Henry Stommel
    • Preface
    • Introduction
    • References
  • Part 1: General Ocean Circulation
    • 1: Deep Circulation of the World Ocean, Bruce A. Warren [ Introduction ~ Historical Development of Ideas about the Deep Circulation ~ A Dynamical Framework ~ Sources of Deep Water ~ Deep Western Boundary Currents in the World Ocean ~ Why Is There a Deep Thermohaline Circulation At All? ~ Notes ]
    • 2: The Water Masses of the World Ocean: Some Results of a Fine-Scale Census, L.V. Worthington [ Introduction ~ Methods of Describing the Oceans ~ The World Water Masses As They Exist in the Second Half of This Century ~ The Formation of Water Masses ~ onlinefreeebooks.net ~ Appendix: Census of World-Ocean Water Masses with Division by Bivariate (C x 0/00) Classes and Rank by Volume ]
    • 3: On the Mid-Depth Circulation of the World Ocean, Joseph L. Reid [ Introduction ~ The Circulation of the Upper Waters and Their Contribution to the Mid-Depths ~ The Use of Geostrophy ~ The Mid-Depth Circulation of the Atlantic Ocean from Core Analysis and Vertical Geostrophic Shear Studies of Total Transport and Layers ~ Mid-Depth Studies Using Isopycnal Analysis ~ Comparison of Relative Geostrophic Flow at Mid-Depth with Numerical Models of Transport ~ Mid-Depth Patterns in the World Ocean ~ Fatih Firdaus ~ Comparison of the Maps of Shear Field and Characteristics ~ Conclusion ]
    • 4: The Gulf Stream System, N.P. Fofonoff [ Introduction ~ The Gulf Stream System ~ The Florida Current ~ The Gulf Stream ~ The North Atlantic Current ~ Summary and Conclusions ]
    • 5: Dynamics of Large-Scale Ocean Circulation, George Veronis [ Introduction and Summary ~ The Equations for Large-Scale Dynamics ~ The Quasi-Geostrophic Equations and the B-Plane ~ Ekman Layers ~ Steady Linear Models of the Wind-Driven Circulation ~ Preliminary Nonlinear Considerations ~ Why Does the Gulf Stream Leave the Coast? ~ Thermohaline Circulation ~ Free Waves for a Constant-Depth Two-Layer Ocean on the B-Plane ~ Effect of Bottom Topography on Quasi-Geostrophic Waves ~ Baroclinic Instability ~ Effect of Nonlinearity and Turbulence ~ Notes ]
    • 6: Equatorial Currents: Observations and Theory, Ants Leetmaa, Julian P. McCreary, Jr., and Dennis W. Moore [ Introduction ~ Observations ~ Theories ~ Discussion ]
    • 7: On Estuarine and Continental-Shelf Circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight, Robert C. Beardsley and William C. Boicourt [ Introduction ~ Estuarine Circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight ~ Continental-Shelf Circulation ~ Appendix: Annual Air-Sea Interaction Cycles and Mean Runoff for the Middle Atlantic Bight ~ Notes ]
  • Part 2: Physical Processes in Oceanography
    • 8: Small-Scale Mixing Processes, J.S. Turner [ Introduction ~ Preliminary Discussion of Various Mechanisms ~ Vertical Mixing in the Upper Layers of the Ocean ~ Mixing in the Interior of the Ocean ~ Mixing near the Bottom of the Ocean ]
    • 9: Internal Waves and Small-Scale Processes, Walter Munk [ Introduction ~ Layered Ocean ~ Continuously Stratified Ocean ~ Turning Depths and Turning Latitudes ~ Shear ~ Resonant Interactions ~ Breaking ~ Ocean Fine Structure and Microstructure ~ An Inconclusive Discussion ~ Conclusion ~ Notes ]
    • 10: Long Waves and Ocean Tides, Myrl C. Hendershott [ Introduction ~ Astronomical Tide-Generating Forces ~ Laplace's Tidal Equations (LTE) and the Long-Wave Equation ~ Long Waves in the Ocean ~ The Ocean Surface Tide ~ Internal Tides ~ Tidal Studies and the Rest of Oceanography ]
    • 11: Low-Frequency Variability of the Sea, Carl Wunsch [ Introduction ~ The Field of Variability of the Ocean ~ Summary and Conclusions ]
    • 12: Some Varieties of Biological Oceanography, J.H. Steele [ Introduction ~ Space and Time Scales of Variation ~ Ecological Variations ~ Discussion ]
    • 13: The Amplitude of Convection, Willem V.R. Malkus [ Introduction ~ Basic Boussinesq Description ~ Initial Motions ~ Quantitative Theories for High Rayleigh Number ~ The Amplitude of Turbulent Convection from Stability Criteria ]
  • Part 3: Techniques of Investigation
    • 14: Ocean Instruments and Experimental Design, D. James Baker, Jr. [ Observations and the Impact of New Instruments ~ Instrument Development: Some Principles and History ~ Examples of Modern Ocean Instruments ~ Ocean Experiment Design ]
    • 15: Geochemical Tracers and Ocean Circulation, W.S. Broecker [ Introduction ~ Water-Transport Tracers ~ Water-Mass Tracers ~ Modeling Tracer Data ~ Current Applications ~ Ventilation of the Deep Sea ~ Ventilation of the Main Oceanic Thermocline ~ Formation of Deep Waters ~ Vertical Mixing Rates ]
    • 16: The Origin and Development of Laboratory Models and Analogues of the Ocean Circulation, Alan J. Faller [ A Brief Philosophy of Laboratory Experiments ~ Introduction ~ The Experiments of W.S. von Arx ~ The SAF Model ~ Experiments with Rotating Covers ~ A Variety of Interesting Experiments ~ Concluding Remarks ]
  • Part 4: Ocean and Atmosphere
    • 17: Air-Sea Interaction, H. CharnockIntroductionThe Surface Layer [ The Lower Boundary ~ Waves ~ The Atmospheric Boundary Layer ]
    • 18: Oceanic Analogues of Large-Scale Atmospheric Motions, Jule G. Charney and Glenn R. FlierlIntroduction [ The General Circulation of Oceans and Atmospheres Compared ~ The Transient Motions ~ The Geostrophic Formalism ~ Linear Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics of a Stratified Ocean ~ Friction in Quasi-Geostrophic Systems ~ Nonlinear Motions ~ Summary Remarks ~ Appendix: The Quasi-Geostrophic Equations ~ Notes ]

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