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Experimental Identification of Chemoporoelastic Parameters for Reactive Shales.pdf
Drilling through shales is often a slow and difficult operation. During drilling, the well is filled with fluid, the role of which is to stabilize the borehole. When the drilling reaches a certain depth, there is a risk for the wellbore to collapse due to the removal of rock. Therefore, the most obvious role of the mud is to provide a hydrostatic pressure in order to compensate for the in-situ stresses. A problem may arise from the contact between the mud and the shale formation: the change of the state of stress of the wellbore walls included by physicochemical interaction between the mud and the formation pore fluid, i.e., exchange of water molecules and solute ions.
Small Surface Coal Mine Operators Handbook.pdf
Taken from USE OF HANDBOOK: The best way to use this handbook is to look directly at the drawing in Chapter 4 which describe various surface mining methods and the operations which involved in each. The first drawing for each method show an unregulated mine, and the key below identifies problems which arise during and after mining and the Sections of the Regulations which are intended to solve these problems. The next drawing for each method shows phases of a mine which meet the requirements of the new Regulations. The key below identifies each operation, the Section of the Regulations relevant to that operation and the title and number of “Data Sheets.” These data sheets make uo Chapters 6 and 7 of the Handbook and contain guidelines for measures necessary to meet the Performance Standards of the Regulations.
Chapter 5 is very important. It contains information on premining surveys and planning. Careful pre-planning of mine operations is critical if the requirements of the Regulations are to be meet, (particularly the need for contemporaneous reclamation) at a reasonable cost. Failure to preplan will inevitably result in non-compliance notices, double handling of overburden and other time and money wasting problems.
Many of measures which are described on the data sheets are required as part of the Performance Standards contained in the Regulations, most of which are included in Part 816, Chapter VII, Subchapter K, though Performance Standards for specific categories of mining mountain top removal, steep slopes, prime farmlands and auger mining, are found in Parts 824,826,823 and 819 respectively.
The Effectiveness of some of the measures in this handbook have not actually benn established. The lack of experiments which monitored the impact of various mining methods and protection measures is a serious problem. EPA is at a present sponsoring a study in Kentucky to monitor the effectiveness of the Modified Block Cut Method of surface mining in the controlling sediment. The assumed advantages of the Modified Block Cut Method (no spoil on the down slop, complete elimination of the highwall, 60% less acres disturbed, minimization of double handling,etc.) and the disadvantages (scheduling complications, higher capital requirement for equipment, etc.) will be quantified. The study will also monitor water quality and quantity to satisfy a need to quantify the effectiveness of the method itself in reducing sedimentation (DNR, Kentucky 1977).
Costs of measures in this handbook have not been included. The Regulation require that the reclamation plan (requirement for Permit Application) include a cost estimate [780.18(b)(2)]. Costs, however, are mostly so site-specific that general cost guidelines are of doubtful value. Only where realistic costs can be given they been included.
The operator will find little information on costs in published sources as most refer to operation which do not conform to the new performance standards. It was also noted by Davis in 1977 that often, costs vary widely due to differences in the procedure used to estimated costs. He suggested that reclamation costs were approximately 10% of gross revenue,5%-8% of the $11-$22 a ton cost of production or 30% of the cost of coal production (4). Some 1974 costs are also given by Doyle (et.al.) in a report in which he analyzes pollution control costs (6).
The small operator should understand his true unit costs and break-event stripping ratios in order to stay solvent, particularly in a time of rapidly shifting costs and sales prices of coal. The authors of his handbook realize that the small mine operator has to work within a tight profit margin in a high risk, high front-end capital undertaking. This handbook advocates self reliance in premining planning for cost-effective reclamation meeting the requirements of Act.
Blaster’s Training Modules.pdf
The eight modules are supplemented by this user’s guide: Each of the eight modules includes review question and discussion; in addition, certain modules contain links videos. The playback of each of these videos may be initiated by clicking on a still photograph, within the module to which it relates, representing the video (in one distance, in the “Iniation Systems” module, the video link is a black screen).
Mining Industry Research Handbook.pdf
Taken from Editorial: This Mining Industry Research Handbook comprises the results of the work of the European Thematic Network NESMI, the Network on European Sustainable Minerals Industries. A total of 43 members and about 70 so-called associated members (partners not receiving any funding) worked together for 3 years from April 1st 2002 until March 31st 2005. Their main objective was to concentrate forces in the European mining and processing fields in order to make a significant step forward towards sustainable raw material supply in Europe.
Oil and Gas Production Handbook – An introduction to oil and gas production.pdf
Taken from Introduction: Oil has been used for lighting purposes for many thousand years. In areas where oil is found in shallow reservoirs, seeps of crude oil or gas may naturally develop, and some oil could simply be collected from seepage or tar ponds. Historically, we know of tales of eternal fires where oil and gas seeps would ignite and burn. One example 1000 B.C. is the site where the famous oracle of Delphi would be built, and 500 B.C. Chinese were using natural gas to boil water.
But it was not until 1859 that “Colonel” Edwin Drake drilled the first successful oil well, for the sole purpose of finding oil.