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Basics of Fluid Mechanics.pdf

November 16, 2009 · Filed Under Mechanical & Industrial Engineering  · Tags: ,

Written by: Genick Bar–Meir, Ph. D., 1107 16th Ave S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55414-2411, email:barmeir@gmail.com.

Taken from: What is Fluid Mechanics?: Fluid mechanics deals with the study of all fluids under static and dynamic situations. Fluid mechanics is a branch of continuous mechanics which deals with a relationship between forces, motions, and statical conditions in continuous material. This study area deals with many and diversified problems such as surface tension, fluid statics, flow in enclose bodies, or flow round bodies (solid or otherwise), flow stability, etc. In fact, almost any action a person is doing involves some kind of a fluid mechanics problem. Furthermore, the boundary between the solid mechanics and fluid mechanics is some kind of gray shed and not a sharp distinction (see Figure 1.1 for the complex relationships between the different branches which only part of it should be drawn in the same time.). For example, glass appears as a solid material, but a closer look reveals that the glass is a liquid with a large viscosity. A proof of the glass “liquidity” is the change of the glass thickness in high windows in European Churches after hundred years. The bottom part of the glass is thicker than the top part. Materials like sand (some call it quick sand) and grains should be treated as liquids. It is known that these materials have the ability to drown people. Even material such as aluminum just below the mushy zone also behaves as a liquid similarly to butter. After it was established that the boundaries of fluid mechanics aren’t sharp, the discussion in this book is limited to simple and (mostly) Newtonian (sometimes power fluids) fluids which will be defined later.

Contents:

  • 1 Introduction
    • What is Fluid Mechanics?
    • Brief History
    • Kinds of Fluids
    • Shear Stress
    • Viscosity
    • Surface Tension
  • 2 Review of Thermodynamics
    • Basic Definitions
  • 3 Review of Mechanics
    • Center of Mass
    • Moment of Inertia
    • Newton’s Laws of Motion
    • Angular Momentum and Torque
  • 4 Fluids Statics
    • Introduction
    • The Hydrostatic Equation
    • Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
    • Fluid in a Accelerated System
    • Fluid Forces on Surfaces
    • Buoyancy and Stability
    • Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
  • I Integral Analysis
  • 5 Mass Conservation
    • Introduction
    • Control Volume
    • Continuity Equation
  • 6 Multi–Phase Flow
    • Introduction
    • History
    • What to Expect From This Chapter
    • Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
    • Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
    • Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
    • Homogeneous Models
    • Solid–Liquid Flow
    • Counter–Current Flow
    • Multi–Phase Conclusion

    List of Figures:

    • Diagram to explain part of relationships of fluid mechanics branches
    • Density as a function of the size of sample
    • Schematics to describe the shear stress in fluid mechanics
    • The deformation of fluid due to shear stress
    • The difference of power fluids
    • Nitrogen and Argon viscosity
    • The shear stress as a function of the shear rate
    • Air viscosity as a function of the temperature
    • Water viscosity as a function temperature
    • Liquid metals viscosity as a function of the temperature
    • Reduced viscosity as function of the reduced temperature
    • Reduced viscosity as function of the reduced temperature
    • Surface Tension control volume analysis
    • Forces in Contact angle
    • Description of wetting and non–wetting fluids
    • Description of liquid surface
    • The raising height as a function of the radii
    • The raising height as a function of the radius
    • Description of how the center of mass is calculated
    • Thin body center of mass/area schematic
    • The schematic that explains the summation of moment of inertia
    • The schematic to explain the summation of moment of inertia
    • Cylinder with the element for calculation moment of inertia
    • Description of rectangular in x–y plane
    • A square element for the calculations of inertia
    • The ratio of the moment of inertia 2D to 3D
    • Description of parabola - moment of inertia and center of area
    • Product of inertia for triangle
    • Description of a fluid element in accelerated system
    • Pressure lines a static fluid with a constant density
    • A schematic to explain the measure of the atmospheric pressure
    • Schematic of gas measurement utilizing the “U” tube
    • Schematic of sensitive measurement device
    • Hydrostatic pressure when there is compressibility in the liquid phase. .
    • Two adjoin layers for stability analysis
    • The varying gravity effects on density and pressure
    • The effective gravity is for accelerated cart
    • A cart slide on inclined plane
    • Forces diagram of cart sliding on inclined plane
    • Schematic to explain the angular angle
    • Rectangular area under pressure
    • Schematic of submerged area
    • The general forces acting on submerged area
    • The general forces acting on non symmetrical straight area
    • The general forces acting on non symmetrical straight area
    • The effects of multi layers density on static forces
    • The forces on curved area
    • Schematic of Net Force on floating body
    • Dam is a part of a circular shape
    • Area above the dam arc subtract triangle
    • Area above the dam arc calculation for the center
    • Moment on arc element around Point “O.”
    • Polynomial shape dam description
    • The difference between the slop and the direction angle
    • Schematic of Immersed Cylinder
    • The floating forces on Immersed Cylinder
    • Schematic of a thin wall floating body
    • Schematic of floating bodies
    • Schematic of floating cubic
    • Stability analysis of floating body
    • Cubic body dimensions for stability analysis
    • Stability of cubic body infinity long
    • The maximum height reverse as a function of density ratio
    • Stability of two triangles put tougher
    • The effects of liquid movement on the GM
    • Measurement of GM of floating body
    • Calculations of GM for abrupt shape body
    • A heavy needle is floating on a liquid
    • Description of depression to explain the Rayleigh–Taylor instability
    • Description of depression to explain the instability
    • The cross section of the interface for max liquid
    • Control volume and system in motion
    • Piston control volume
    • Pressure lines a static fluid with a constant density
    • Filling of the bucket and choice of the control volume
    • Different fields of multi phase flow
    • Stratified flow in horizontal tubes when the liquids flow is very slow
    • Kind of Stratified flow in horizontal tubes
    • Plug flow in horizontal tubes with the liquids flow is faster
    • Modified Mandhane map for flow regime in horizontal tubes
    • Gas and liquid in Flow in verstical tube against the gravity
    • A dimensional vertical flow map low gravity against gravity
    • The terminal velocity that left the solid particles
    • The flow patterns in solid-liquid flow
    • Counter–flow in vertical tubes map
    • Counter–current flow in a can
    • Image of counter-current flow in liquid–gas/solid–gas configurations
    • Flood in vertical pipe
    • A flow map to explain the horizontal counter–current flow
    • A diagram to explain the flood in a two dimension geometry
    • General forces diagram to calculated the in a two dimension geometry

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