The Basics of Photogrammetry.pdf
Taken from Basics of Photogrammetry: Before describing the operation of the V-STARS system, a brief introduction to photogrammetry is provided for those who are unfamiliar with the technology. Photogrammetry, as its name implies, is a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring technique that uses photographs as the fundamental medium for metrology (or measurement).
The fundamental principle used by photogrammetry is triangulation. By taking photographs from at least two different locations, so-called “lines of sight” can be developed from each camera to points on the object.
These lines of sight (sometimes called rays owing to their optical nature) are mathematically intersected to produce the 3-dimensional coordinates of the points of interest. Triangulation is also the principle used by theodolites for coordinate measurement. If you are familiar with these instruments, you will find many similarities (and some differences) between photogrammetry and theodolites. Even closer to home, triangulation is also the way your two eyes work together to gauge distance (called depth perception).
This primer is separated into two parts. Photography describes the photographic principles involved in photogrammetry, while Metrology describes the techniques for producing 3-dimensional coordinates from two-dimensional photographs.
Contents:
- PHOTOGRAMMETRY [ Basics of Photogrammetry ~ Photography ~ Photography - The First Part of Photogrammetry ~ Field of View ~ Focusing ~ Exposure ~ Camera Exposure ~ Background Exposure ~ Target Exposure ~ Metrology ~ Metrology - The Second Part of Photogrammetry ~ Triangulation ~ Resection ~ Self-Calibration ~ Bundle Adjustment ~ Measuring Accuracy ~ Scaling Photogrammetry ~ Multiple Scale Distances ~ Long Scale Distances ]
- MEASURING [ Measuring with V-STARS ~ Planning the Measurement ~ Questions You Should Ask: Remember "V-STARS" ~ Defining a Coordinate System ]
- MEASUREMENTS [ Types of Measurements ~ Initial and Repeat Measurements ~ Completely or Partially Overlapping Measurements ]
- PLANNING FOR MEASUREMENTS [ Planning for Different Types of Measurements ~ Design for Completely Overlapping Measurements ~ Design for Partially Overlapping Measurements ~ Design for "Left-Right" Measurements ~ Design for "Front-Back" Measurements ~ Design for "Box" Measurements ~ Procedures for Different Types of Measurements ~ Final Planning Tips ~ Planning Summary and Checklist ~ V-STARS Planning Checks ]
- TARGETING [ Introduction to Targeting ~ Retro-reflector Targets and Their Characteristics ~ Target Angle ~ Target Thickness ~ Target Sizes ~ Target Types ~ Individual self-adhesive stick on targets ~ Target Tape ~ Hard-body tooling targets ~ Coded targets ~ Target Handling and Care ~ Attaching the AutoBar ~ Attaching the Scale Bar(s) ]
- TARGETING SUMMARY AND CHECKLIST [ Targeting Checklist ]
- APPENDIX A [ Frequently Asked Questions About Photogrammetry ~ How accurate is V-STARS? ~ How many photographs are needed for a measurement? ~ How many points are needed for a measurement? ~ Do I need scale for the measurement? ~ How do I compensate for scale changes due to temperature? ~ Can the object move while it is being measured? ~ Do I need to use special targets with the system? ~ What size should the targets be? ~ Can I use different size targets on the same measurement? ~ How obliquely can I view the targets? ~ Do I need to provide special lighting for the system? ~ Do I have to consider the lighting during the measurement? ~ Do I need to know the camera location when I take a picture? ~ How steady must the camera be when taking a picture? ~ How far away do I have to get from the object to measure it? ~ Where should I locate the camera to get a good measurement? ~ How can I calibrate the camera and make sure the measurement accurate? ]
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