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Ponds - Planning, Design, Construction.pdf

June 4, 2010 · Filed Under Engineering Geology  · Tags: ,

Taken from Introduction: For many years farmers and ranchers have been building ponds for livestock water and for irrigation. By 1980 more than 2.1 million ponds had been built in the United States by land users on privately owned land. More will be needed in the future

The demand for water has increased tremendously in recent years, and ponds are one of the most reliable and economical sources of water. Ponds ae now serving a variety of purposes, fish production, field and orchad spraying, fie protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, recreation, erosion control, and landscape improvement.

This handbook describes embankment and excavated ponds and outlines the requirements for building each. The information comes from the field experience and observation of land users, engineers, conservationists, and other specialists.

An embankment pond (fig.1) is made by building an embankment or dam across a stream or watercourse where the strem or watercourse where the stream valley is depressed enough to permit storing 5 feet or more of water. The land slope may range from gentle to step.

An Excavated pon is made by digging a pit or dogout in a nearly level area. Because the water capacity is obtioned almost entirely by digging, excavated ponds are used where only a small supply of water is needed. Some ponds are built in gently to moderately sloping areas and the capacity is obtioned both by excavating and by building a dam.

The criteria and recommendations are for dams that are less than 35 feet high and located where failure of the structure will not result in loss of life; in damage to homes, commercial or industrial buildings, main highways, of railroads, or interrupted use of public utilities

Local information is essential, and land users are encouraged to consult with specialists experienced in planning and building ponds.

Contents:

  • Introduction
  • Water Needs
    • Livestock
    • Irrigation
    • Fish production
    • Field and orchard spraying
    • Fire Protection
    • Recreation
    • Waterfowl and other wildlife
    • Landscspe Quality
    • Muliple Purposes
  • Preliminary investigations
    • Area adequacy of the drainage
    • Minimum pond depth
    • Drainage area protection
    • Pond capacity
    • Landscape evaluation
  • Estimating storm runoff
    • Hydrologic groupings of soils
    • Runoff curve numbers
    • Volume of storm runoff
    • Rainfall amountsand expected frequency
    • Rainfall distribution
    • Peak discharge rate
    • Time of concentration
    • Average watershed slope
    • Flow length
    • Ia/P ratio
    • Estimating peak discharge rates
  • Site surveys
  • Embankment ponds
    • Detailed soils investigation
    • Spillway requirements
    • Pipes through the dam
    • Planning and earthfill dam
    • Staking for construction
    • Building the ponds
  • Excavated ponds
    • Soils
    • Spillway and inlet requirements
    • Planning the pond
    • Building the pond
  • Sealing the pond
    • Compaction
    • Clay blankets
    • Bentonite
    • Chemical additives
    • Waterproof linings
  • Establishing vegetation
    • Protection the pond
    • Wave action
    • Livestock
  • Operating and maintaining the pond
  • Pond safety
    • Before construction
    • During construction
    • After completion
  • References
  • Glossary
  • Appendixes
    • Appendix A:Estimating the volume of an Excavated Pond
    • Appendix B:Flood Tolerant Native Trees and Shrubs
  • Tables
    • Table 1 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas
    • Table 2 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands
    • Table 3 Runoff curve numbers for other agricultural lands
    • Table 4 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands
    • Table 5 Runoff depth, in inches
    • Table 6 Ia values for runoff curve numbers
    • Table 7 Minimum spillway design storm
    • Table 8 Permissible velocity for vegetated spillways
    • Table 9 Guide to selecion of vegetal reterdance
    • Table 10 Hp Disharge and velocities for natural vegetated spillways with 3:1 end slope (Z1)
    • Table 11 Depth of flow (Hp) and slope range at reterdance values for various discharges, velocities, and crest lengths
    • Table 12 Discharge values for smooth pipe drop inlets
    • Table 13 Discharge values for corrugated metal pipe drop inlets
    • Table 14 Minimum head, h (ft), required above the invert of hood inlets to provide full flow,Q (ft 3/S), for various sizes of smooth pipe and values of total head,H
    • Table 15 Minimum head, h (ft), required above the invert of hood inlets to provide full flow,Q (ft 3/S), for various sizes of corrugated pipe and values of total head,H
    • Table 16 Recommended side slopes for earth dams
    • Table 17 End areas in square feet of embankment sections for different side slopes and top widths
    • Table 18 Volume of material needed for the earthfill
  • Figures
    • Figure 1 Typical embankment and reservoir
    • Figure 2 This pond supplies wafer to stockwater trough used by cattle in nearly grazing area
    • Figure 3 Water is pumped out of this pond for irrigation
    • Figure 4 A pond stocked with fish can provide recreation as well as profit
    • Figure 5 A dry hydrant installation
    • Figure 6 Details of dry hydrant installation
    • Figure 7 Ponds are often use for private as well as public recreation
    • Figure 8 Waterfowl use ponds as breeding, feeding, watering places, and as resting places during migration
    • Figure 9 The shoreline of a well-designed pond is protected from erosion by the addition of stone. Such a pond, reflecting nearby trees, increase the value of the surrounding land
    • Figure 10 This pond, which served as sediment basin while homes in the background were being construckted, now adds variety and value the community
    • Figure 11 A guide for estimating the approximate size of a drainage area (in acres) required for each acre-foot of storage in an embankment or excavated pond
    • Figure 12 Recommended minimum depth of water for ponds in the United States
    • Figure 13 Land with permanent vegetaton makes the most disireble drainage area
    • Figure 14 A preliminary study of two alternative sites for pond to be used for livestock water, irrigation, and recreation
    • Figure 15 Approximate geographic boundaries for NRCS rainfall distributions
    • Figure 16 Time of concentration (Tc) nomograph
    • Figure 17aUnit peak discharge (qa) for type I storm distribution
    • Figure 17bUnit peak discharge (qa) for type IA storm distribution
    • Figure 17cUnit peak discharge (qa) for type II storm distribution
    • Figure 17dUnit peak discharge (qa) for type III storm distribution
    • Figure 18 Borrow material taken from within the reservoir area creates an irregular pond.configuration
    • Figure 19 The apparent size of the pond is influenced by surrounding vegetation
    • Figure 20 Plan, profile, and cross section of a natural spiilway with vegetation
    • Figure 21 Excavated earth spiilway
    • Figure 22 Drop-inlet pipe spiilway with antiseep collar
    • Figure 23 Drop-inlet pipe spiilway
    • Figure 24 Dam with hooded inlet pipe spiilway
    • Figure 25 Pipe inlet spillways that have trash rack and antivortex baffle
    • Figure 26 Water is piped through the dam’s drainpipe to a stockwater through
    • Figure 27 A core trench is cut on the centerline of a dam
    • Figure 28 Dam side slopes are curved and shaped to blend with sorounding topography
    • Figure 29 Finished grading techniques
    • Figure 30 A tree well preserves vegetation
    • Figure 31 Irreguler clearing around the pond helps create a natural appearing edge
    • Figure 32 Feathering vegetation at the pond’s edge makes a natural transition with existing vegetation
    • Figure 33 The sod and topsoil in a pond construction area can be stockpiled for later use
    • Figure 34 Geometric excavation graded to create more natural configuration
    • Figure 35 Typical sections of an excavated pond
    • Figure 36 Correct disposal of waste material
    • Figure 37 Waste material and plantings separate the pond from a major highway
    • Figure 38 Disking in chemical additive to seal a pond

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Keyword(s): ponds planning design construction, , pond location design constarction, calculating pipe diameter in pond building, fish
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