Texas Instruments: Op Amps for Everyone.pdf

In Engineering Ebooks » Electrical Engineering » Tags: , , » Comments Off » June 7, 2010


Taken from Forward by Ron Mancini: Everyone interested in analog electronics should find some value in this book, and an effort has been made to make the material understandable to the relative novice while not too boring for the practicing engineer. Special effort has been taken to ensure that each chapter can stand alone for the reader with the proper background. Of course, this causes redundancy that some people might find boring, but it’s worth the price to enable the satisfaction of a diversified audience.

Start at Chapter 1 if you are a novice, and read through until completion of Chapter 9. After Chapter 9 is completed, the reader can jump to any chapter and be confident that they are prepared for the material. More experienced people such as electronic technicians, digital engineers, and non-electronic engineers can start at Chapter 3 and read through Chapter 9. Senior electronic technicians, electronic engineers, and fledgling analog engineers can start anywhere they feel comfortable and read through Chapter 9. Experienced analog engineers should jump to the subject that interests them. Analog gurus should send their additions, corrections, and complaints to me, and if they see something that looks familiar, they should feel complimented that others appreciate their contributions.

Chapter 1 is a history and story chapter. It is not required reading for anyone, but it defines the op amp’s place in the world of analog electronics. Chapter 2 reviews some basic physics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book.

Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here emphasizes material required for speedy op amp design. The ideal op amp equations are developed in Chapter 3, and this chapter enables the reader to rapidly compute op amp transfer equations including ac response. The emphasis on single power supply systems forces the designer to bias circuits when the inputs are referenced to ground, and Chapter 4 gives a detailed procedure that quickly yields a working solution every time.

Op amps can’t exist without feedback, and feedback has inherent stability problems, so feedback and stability are covered in Chapter 5. Chapters 6 and 7 develop the voltage feedback op amp equations, and they teach the concept of relative stability and compensation of potentially unstable op amps. Chapter 8 develops the current feedback op amp equations and discusses current feedback stability. Chapter 9 compares current feedback and voltage feedback op amps. The meat of this book is Chapters 12, 13, and 14 where the reader is shown how design the converter to transducer/actuator interface with the aid of op amps.

The remaining chapters give support material for Chapters 12, 13, and 14. Chapter 18 was a late addition. Portable applications are expanding rapidly and they emphasize the need for low-voltage/low-power design techniques. Chapter 18 defines some parameters in a new way so they lend themselves to low voltage design, and it takes the reader through several low voltage designs.

Contents:

  • 1 The Op Amp’s Place In The World
  • 2 Review of Circuit Theory
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Laws of Physics
    • 2.3 Voltage Divider Rule
    • 2.4 Current Divider Rule
    • 2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
    • 2.6 Superposition
    • 2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit
    • 2.8 Transistor Amplifier
  • 3 Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations
    • 3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions
    • 3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp
    • 3.3 The Inverting Op Amp
    • 3.4 The Adder
    • 3.5 The Differential Amplifier
    • 3.6 Complex Feedback Networks
    • 3.7 Video Amplifiers
    • 3.8 Capacitors
    • 3.9 Summary
  • 4 Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques
    • 4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply
    • 4.2 Circuit Analysis
    • 4.3 Simultaneous Equations
    • 4.4 Summary
  • 5 Feedback and Stability Theory
    • 5.1 Why Study Feedback Theory?
    • 5.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations
    • 5.3 Feedback Equation and Stability
    • 5.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
    • 5.5 Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Understanding Stability
    • 5.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions
    • 5.7 References
  • 6 Development of the Non Ideal Op Amp Equations
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Review of the Canonical Equations
    • 6.3 Noninverting Op Amps
    • 6.4 Inverting Op Amps
    • 6.5 Differential Op Amps
  • 7 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp Compensation
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Internal Compensation
    • 7.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance
    • 7.4 Dominant-Pole Compensation
    • 7.5 Gain Compensation
    • 7.6 Lead Compensation
    • 7.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp
    • 7.8 Lead-Lag Compensation
    • 7.9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes
    • 7.10 Conclusions
  • 8 Current-Feedback Op Amp Analysis
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 CFA Model
    • 8.3 Development of the Stability Equation
    • 8.4 The Noninverting CFA
    • 8.5 The Inverting CFA
    • 8.6 Stability Analysis
    • 8.7 Selection of the Feedback Resistor
    • 8.8 Stability and Input Capacitance
    • 8.9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance
    • 8.10 Compensation of CF and CG
    • 8.11 Summary
  • 9 Voltage- and Current-Feedback Op Amp Comparison
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Precision
    • 9.3 Bandwidth
    • 9.4 Stability
    • 9.5 Impedance
    • 9.6 Equation Comparison
  • 10 Op Amp Noise Theory and Applications
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Characterization
    • 10.3 Types of Noise
    • 10.4 Noise Colors
    • 10.5 Op Amp Noise
    • 10.6 Putting It All Together
    • 10.7 References
  • 11 Understanding Op Amp Parameters
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Operational Amplifier Parameter Glossary
    • 11.3 Additional Parameter Information
  • 12 Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Transducer Types
    • 12.3 Design Procedure
    • 12.4 Review of the System Specifications
    • 12.5 Reference Voltage Characterization
    • 12.6 Transducer Characterization
    • 12.7 ADC Characterization
    • 12.8 Op Amp Selection
    • 12.9 Amplifier Circuit Design
    • 12.10 Test
    • 12.11 Summary
    • 12.12 References
  • 13 Wireless Communication: Signal Conditioning for IF Sampling
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Wireless Systems
    • 13.3 Selection of ADCs/DACs
    • 13.4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps
    • 13.5 Anti-Aliasing Filters
    • 13.6 Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter
    • 13.7 External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DACs
    • 13.8 High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits
    • 13.9 References
  • 14 Interfacing D/A Converters to Loads
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Load Characteristics
    • 14.3 Understanding the D/A Converter and its Specifications
    • 14.4 D/A Converter Error Budget
    • 14.5 D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
    • 14.6 Compensating For DAC Capacitance
    • 14.7 Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage
  • 15 Sine Wave Oscillators
    • 15.1 What is a Sine Wave Oscillator?
    • 15.2 Requirements for Oscillation
    • 15.3 Phase Shift in the Oscillator
    • 15.4 Gain in the Oscillator
    • 15.5 Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator
    • 15.6 Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit)
    • 15.7 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits
    • 15.8 References
  • 16 Active Filter Design Techniques
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters
    • 16.3 Low-Pass Filter Design
    • 16.4 High-Pass Filter Design
    • 16.5 Band-Pass Filter Design
    • 16.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design
    • 16.7 All-Pass Filter Design
    • 16.8 Practical Design Hints
    • 16.9 Filter Coefficient Tables
    • 16.10 References
  • 17 Circuit Board Layout Techniques
    • 17.1 General Considerations
    • 17.2 PCB Mechanical Construction
    • 17.3 Grounding
    • 17.4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components
    • 17.5 Decoupling
    • 17.6 Input and Output Isolation
    • 17.7 Packages
    • 17.8 Summary
  • 18 Designing Low-Voltage Op Amp Circuits
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Dynamic Range
    • 18.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
    • 18.4 Input Common-Mode Range
    • 18.5 Output Voltage Swing
    • 18.6 Shutdown and Low Current Drain
    • 18.7 Single-Supply Circuit Design
    • 18.8 Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
    • 18.9 DAC to Actuator Analog Interface
    • 18.10 Comparison of Op Amps
    • 18.11 Summary
  • A Single-Supply Circuit Collection
    • A.1 Introduction
    • A.2 Boundary Conditions
    • A.3 Amplifiers
    • A.4 Computing Circuits
    • A.5 Oscillators
    • A.5.1 Basic Wien Bridge Oscillator
    • A.5.2 Wien Bridge Oscillator with Nonlinear Feedback
    • A.5.3 Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC
    • A.5.4 Quadrature Oscillator
    • A.5.5 Classical Phase Shift Oscillator
    • A.5.6 Buffered Phase Shift Oscillator
    • A.5.7 Bubba Oscillator
    • A.5.8 Triangle Oscillator
  • B Single-Supply Op Amp Selection Guide

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