Chevron Products Company: Technical Review Diesel Fuel.pdf
Taken from Introduction: The development of the internal combustion engine began in the late eighteenth century. Slow but steady progress was made over the next hundred years. By 1892, Rudolf Diesel received a patent for a compression ignition reciprocating engine. But his original design, which used coal dust as the fuel, didn’t work.
Thirty-three years earlier, in 1859, crude oil had been discovered in Pennsylvania. The first product refined from crude was lamp oil (kerosene). Since only a fraction of the crude made good lamp oil, refiners had to figure out what to do with the rest of the barrel.
Diesel, recognizing that the liquid petroleum by-products might be better engine fuels than coal dust, began to experiment with one of them. This fuel change, coupled with some mechanical design changes, resulted in a successful prototype engine in 1895. Today, both the engine and the fuel still bear his name.
The first commercial diesels were large engines operating at low speeds. They were used to power ships, trains, and industrial plants. By the 1930s, diesels also were powering trucks and buses. An effort in the late 30s to extend the engine’s use to passenger cars was interrupted by World War II. After the war, the automotive diesel became very popular in Europe, but hasn’t enjoyed comparable success in the United States.
Today, diesel engines are used worldwide for transportation, manufacture, power generation, construction, and farming. The types of diesel engines are as varied as their use – from small, high speed, indirect-injection engines to low speed direct-injection behemoths with cylinders three feet in diameter. Their success is due to their efficiency, economy, and reliability.
The subject of this Review is diesel fuel – its performance, properties, refining and testing. But because the engine and the fuel work together as a system, this Review devotes significant space to diesel engines, especially the heavy duty diesel engines used in trucks and buses. And because environmental regulations are so important to the industry, it examines their impact on both fuel and engine.
We hope that our readers, whatever their interest and background, will find this Review a source of valuable and accurate information about a product that helps keep America on the move.
Contents:
- Diesel Fuel Uses
- Related Products
- Diesel Fuel and Driving Performance
- Starting
- Power
- Noise
- Fuel Economy
- Wear
- Low Temperature Operability
- Filter Life – Fuel Stability
- Emissions
- Diesel Fuel and Air Quality
- Progress
- Legislation
- Administration/Regulation
- Air Quality Standards
- Air Pollutants
- Vehicle Emissions: Sources
- Vehicle Emissions: Limits
- Vehicle Emissions: Future Limits
- Vehicle Emissions: Diesel Fuel Effects
- Reformulated Diesel Fuel
- Diesel Fuel Dyeing
- Diesel Fuel Refining and Chemistry
- Refining Processes
- The Modern Refinery
- Blending
- About Hydrocarbons
- Other Compounds
- Diesel Fuel Chemistry
- Chemistry of Diesel Fuel Instability
- Biodiesel
- Diesel Fuel Specifications and Testing
- Specifications
- Premium Diesel
- Current ASTM D 975 Issues
- Test Methods
- Diesel Engines
- Four-Stroke Cycle
- Compression Ratio
- Fuel Injection
- Direct-Injection and Indirect-Injection
- Turbocharging, Supercharging
- and Charge Cooling
- Electronic Engine Controls
- Two-Stroke Cycle
- Diesel Engines and Emissions
- Emission Reduction Technologies
- Diesel Fuel Additives
- Types of Additives
- Use of Additives
- Questions and Answers
- Sources of More Information
- Abbreviations
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